Solution
A simple way to do this is to leverage the Windows kernel32 DLL. Use the
 Call Library Function Node in LabVIEW to call this DLL, and then use functions like 
GetVolumeInformationA or 
GetDriveTypeA to read the properties you need.
For example, to get the disk drive name: 
You can also use Command Prompt and the 
System Exec VI  with Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line (WMIC) commands.