Solution
- Issues related to corruption of msvcp140.dll can usually be corrected by installing the Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio 2015. If installing the redistributable itself doesn't work, you can try installing the latest update to it.
NOTE: When downloading the redistributable or redistributable updates, select the executable corresponding to the same bitness as your LabVIEW program, not your operating system. vc_redist.x64.exe corresponds to 64-bit LabVIEW, and vc_redist.x86.exe corresponds to 32-bit LabVIEW.
- Completely uninstall and reinstall National Instruments software on the affected machine - this can fix potential software corruption causing issues with the msvcp140.dll, as well as other DLLs.
- If the above steps do not resolve the issue, it will likely be necessary to reimage the affected computer..