Solution
LabVIEW 2017 SP1 shipped with the incorrect version of the following DLLs:
<LabVIEW 2017>\vi.lib\Platform\idfinder\niwsid2_proxy.dll
<LabVIEW 2017>\vi.lib\Platform\idfinder\niwsmgr2_proxy.dll
To resolve the issue, replace those DLLs with the versions attached to this KB. Note that you will need the version that corresponds to your bitness of LabVIEW.